Clinical Trials

NAD+ sits at the center of how cells make energy and repair themselves, and it appears to fall with age. That has made raising it one of the most pursued ideas in longevity — and one of the most instructive tests of how biology translates from mice to people.

Most mitochondrial strategies work on signaling or fuel. SS-31 does something more structural — it binds the lipid that holds the energy machinery together. In 2025 it became the first mitochondria-targeted drug the FDA has ever approved.

By engaging three metabolic receptors at once — GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon — retatrutide represents a genuinely new idea in metabolic pharmacology. Here is what triple agonism means, and what the human data shows so far.

A growth-hormone-releasing peptide backed by large randomized trials and an FDA approval — a look at what a fully developed body of human peptide evidence can look like.